英语四级考试必备词汇及短语、简写(8)

表示引出对比：in comparison to/with, by contrast, on the one hand/on the other hand, whereas, while, unlike, similarly, likewise, in a similar manner, in the same way.
表示引出结果：as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, so, as a consequence, inevitably, unavoidably.
通过对这些短语的掌握和应用，考生可以更好地表达自己的观点，同时也可以更好地理解和分析阅读材料中的内容。在备考过程中，考生需要注意这些短语的搭配和用法，尤其是在写作中需要根据具体语境灵活运用这些短语。
七、在英语四级考试中，除了词汇和短语之外，缩略语和简写也是考生需要掌握的重要内容之一。以下是一些常见的英语四级考试常用缩略语和简写：
ASAP: As Soon As Possible
DIY: Do It Yourself
ETC: Et Cetera
GPA: Grade Point Average
HR: Human Resources
IQ: Intelligence Quotient
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
RSVP: Répondez S"il Vous Plaît
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
FYI: For Your Information
P.S.: Postscript
VIP: Very Important Person
PhD: Doctor of Philosophy
ASAP: As Soon As Possible
ID: Identification
IT: Information Technology
USA: United States of America
UK: United Kingdom
EU: European Union