「首发」沃邦名师3月10日亚太SAT考试考情速递(9)

本篇文章的主旨是红嘴山鸦之间的合作对于它们遭到寄生虫入侵的影响。文章中谈到，红嘴山鸦之间的合作和寄生虫的入侵是相互作用的。合作容易让它们变成寄生虫的目标，与此同时，它们之间的合作也让它们更容易对抗寄生虫。在文中，作者也阐明了群体大小对于感染寄生虫几率的影响。越小的群体，感染几率越大，越大的群体，感染几率越小。在文章的最后一段，作者表明研究的结果虽然能够说明合作对于寄生物入侵的影响，但是暂时还不能揭开红嘴山鸦最初是如何进化出合作的特性的。
题目：
1.主旨题，问作者这篇研究的目的是什么。
2.作者文章中收集的data有什么样的作用？
3.词汇题：reflect在文中的意思。
4.词汇题：favor在文中的意思。
5.独立取证题：问那句话是文中作者提到的，群体数量对寄生物影响的证据。
6.细节题：红嘴山鸦在繁殖中的特点
7.目的题：最后一段的作用
8.图表题，问从第一个图表能得出什么关于群体大小和寄生的关系。
9.图表题，问从图表中能得出什么样的比对信息。
10.图表题，问从第二个图表中能得出什么。
文章原文：
In the spring of 1879, Hermann Lau shot two white-winged choughs,Corcorax melanorhamphos, off their nest in Queensland, Australia. He watched asadditional choughs continued to attend the nest, proving that a cooperativegroup shared parental care ( 1). Since then, cooperatively breeding birds havehad a starring role in efforts to explain the evolution of complex animalsocieties. We now know that “helpersat-the-nest” who forgo reproduction areoften relatives of the breeding pair. Genetic payoff is, thus, one of severaladvantages that helpers can gain from their super? cially altruistic behavior (2). On page 1506 of this issue, Feeney et al. ( 3) show that collective defenseagainst brood parasites (see the ? gure) can enhance such bene? ts ofcooperation. Why do some bird species cooperate and others do not? Globalanalyses have shown that cooperative breeding (now known from 9% of species) isassociated with a slow pace of life (characterized by high survival rates andlow turnover of breeding territories) ( 4), monogamy (which facilitates kinselection within families) ( 5), and unpredictable environments (such as aridzones) that might favor cooperation as a bet-hedging strategy ( 6). But thesefactors often fail to predict the incidence of cooperation among relatedspecies or within geographical regions ( 7). Feeney et al.’s study is built onthe premise that brood parasitism—reproductive cheating by species such ascuckoos and cowbirds, which exploit other birds to raise their young—is asevere selection pressure on their hosts’ breeding strategies. Parasitizedparents typically not only lose their current offspring but also waste a wholebreeding season raising a demanding impostor. The best way to avoid parasitismis to repel adult parasites from the nest. Feeney et al. show that socialitycan be pivotal to this process. The authors begin by unfolding a new map. Usingdata compiled by BirdLife International, they show that the global distributionof cooperatively breeding birds overlaps strikingly with that of broodparasites. This overlap need not re? ect a causal relationship: