刘宏松、程海烨：跨境数据流动的全球治理：进展、趋势与中国路径(24)

[63]U.S. Department of Commerce, “Privacy Shield Framework,” February 2016,https://www. privacyshield.gov/eu-us-framework.
[64]该排名基于以下三个指标：知识（knowledge）、技术（technology）和未来准备（future readiness），参见International Institute for Management Development, “IMD WorldDigital Competitiveness Ranking 2019,” September 2019,https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/ reports/imd-world-digital-competitiveness-ranking-2019/。
[65]该报告指出，芬兰、瑞典、荷兰、丹麦评分最高，之后是英国、卢森堡、爱尔兰、爱沙尼亚和比利时等，其他国家还有很长的路要走。参见European Commission, “The Digital Economy and Society Index,” June11, 2019,https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/desi。
[66]James Manyika et al., “Digital Globalization: The New Era of GlobalFlows,” p. 6.
[67]顾登晨：《美欧“数字博弈”升级》，《经济观察报》2020年2月15日，http://www.eeo.com.cn/2019/1212/371696.shtml。
[68]See Office of the Australian Information Commissioner, “The PrivacyAct,” 1998, https://www.oaic.gov.au/privacy/the-privacy-act/#:~:text=The Privacy Act 1988(Privacy Act) was introduced tomillion, and some other organisations, handle personal information;and Singapore Statutes Online, “Personal Data Protection Act,” 2012,https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012.